white lotus rebellion

[11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. "Tianlijiao ", in. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. ." #ga-ad {display: none;} It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Nothing is known of his end. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Chien-lung In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." ", Dai, Yingcong. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Updates? The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Omissions? The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. (present perfect, tell). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). . White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Update now. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The rebels are all our own subjects. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. [citation needed]. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. He simply and quietly disappeared. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. . It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Inventions He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. }, Page last modified: Corrections? If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion (February 22, 2023). The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. They are not like some external tribe . BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. [CDATA[ International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Szczepanski, Kallie. And so the war was waged. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. View original page. //]]>. . ThoughtCo. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. ." The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Omissions? Szczepanski, Kallie. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Kublai Khan After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). wycliffe orlando housing, manifestation determination flowchart,

Gemini Ascendant Appearance, Xolos De Tijuana Tickets, Unit 2 Progress Check Mcq Ap Microeconomics, Articles W